The Earth formed 45 billion years ago, and life on Earth initially included microorganisms. How life originated on Earth is a big question and certain theories have been put forward to explain it. Some scientists believe that extreme conditions of temperature and pH on Earth lead to the development of RNA that further passed on the information from generation to generation, thus giving rise to life. On the other hand, some believe that life originated from proteins. What came first is a never-ending debate. However, the evolution of plants and animals is a much recent process that occurred about half a billion years ago. Both owe their origins to endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis is a somewhat mutualistic relationship, and it explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes. In both plants and animals, chloroplast and mitochondria are thought to have evolved from endosymbiosis.
Animals also like plants evolved in the sea. A sudden change in oxygen concentration is thought to have driven the process of evolution. The evidence of the first multicellular animal is found in the shales of China. The first animal is considered to have been evolved from Protista.
The animals initially lacked skeleton and were called the Edicardian animals named after the site from where they were discovered. They were small in size and are considered to have occupied the Earth for a greater time.
The larger animals are known to have evolved during the Cambrian explosion, and during this period, animals from the sea came on to the land. The animals in the sea were invertebrates, and the first evidence of the vertebrate animal was provided by a small fish called Haikouichthys.
Once the animals colonized the land, they continued to evolve, from amphibians to reptiles to early mammals to dinosaur lineage. and finally to the modern-day mammal.
The Cambrian Explosion:
Around 600 million years ago, the fossil records appear for large, soft-bodied multi-cellular animals that completely lacked the skeletal hard parts. They were called Edicardian fauna, after the name of the place from where they were first discovered. These animals are compared to modern-day worms or jellyfish. The animals had a flat appearance with radial symmetry. They showed variation in their size ranging from 1cm to less than 1m. This suggests that a long period of evolution might have occurred that led to the development of these animals.
Following this, modern-day animals such as flatworms, jellyfish, annelids, earthworms, mollusks, insects, and sponges, appeared within a period. Their appearance is described as the Cambrian explosion. The most important fossil evidence of this period comes from the Burgess Shale of Colombia. They did not only contain the evidence for the early animals but also preserved the skeletal parts of the animal as well (i.e., the entire animal body was preserved). The fossils also provided the evidence for predator–prey relationship and tell us how the evolution must have taken place in the long run.
Now the question arises, how did such a huge transformation occur? What drives the Cambrian explosion? It is believed that the oxygen concentration slowly began to increase in the atmosphere, and at a point when it supported a high metabolic rate, it led to the evolution of larger and complex bodied organisms. Increased calcium levels of the ocean also played some role in the development of skeletal structures. Large deposits of calcium carbonate supported hard body parts such as teeth and skeleton. Increased phosphate and nitrate content also helped in the primary development.
This all happened after the extinction of Edicardian fauna that allowed new ecological niches to be exploited by the new animals. Genetic factors also played a crucial role. The genetic toolkit underwent a gradual evolution, and this helped in the development process during the Cambrian explosion.
However, the Cambrian explosion is not supported by all scientists. Some consider that evolution of multi-cellular animals occurred around 1000 million years ago and this is supported by the fossil embryos found in China. The fossil evidence shows more complex organisms than jellyfish and sponges, suggesting that multi-cellular organisms appeared much before.
However, whenever the origin occurred, multi-cellular animals occupied the land during the Cambrian period. These include the arthropods and centipedes.
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