Overgeneralization and Overextension Essay

Overgeneralization and Overextension
Before studying underextension in detail, let us briefly touch upon the other two prominent errors–overgeneralization and overextension.

Overgeneralization: It is also referred to as overregularization. It is the general use of a grammatical rule, even in cases where it does not apply. For example, overgeneralizations in the usage of a verb include using “comed” instead of “came.” In a noun, it involves using “teeths” instead of “tooth.” There are 3 phases to overgeneralization:

Phase 1 – The child begins by using the correct past tense for the word “go,” for instance, which happens to be “went.” However, the child is unable to connect the word “went” with its present tense “go.” Instead, the child views “went” as a separate lexical term altogether.

Phase 2 – The child constructs a separate rule for the past tense of “go,” which would most likely result in something like “goed.”

Phase 3 – The child realizes that adding the suffix “ed” to a word does not always result in the correct past tense for the word, and there are many exceptions to this rule. This leads to the child acquiring the ability to use this rule in a selective and an appropriate manner.

Overextension – It is another prominent error that features often in the early errors of word usage. It occurs when a child tends to use a single word to refer to various things in a way that is inconsistent with the correct use of the language. Overextension happens categorically, analogically, and even in the form of predicate statements. As in the case of overgeneralization discussed previously, children tend to learn words that have a more specific meaning. And, they eventually learn to use words appropriately in a more selective manner. Thus, overextension tends to decline. After understanding overgeneralization and overextension, let us look at underextension in more detail.

Underextension
Underextension is the third predominant error commonly observed during the early periods of language extension. It is somewhat opposite to overextension. It occurs in cases of a child failing to extend the usage of the word to other objects within the same category, after acquiring the word, initially. That is, the child uses the word in an increasingly restricted or in an individualistic manner. For instance, after a child learns a word like “flower” in reference to a “rose,” but fails to extend its usage or meaning to other types of flowers.

Research has more commonly focused on underextension in the usage of nouns. However, this error may apply to verbs as well. For instance, a child may learn the verb “sit” and use it only in reference to his family dog’s sitting, but not in reference to anything else. In this case, the child is underextending the use of the verb “sit.”

Underextension has been thought of as being less common or may be less noticeable than overgeneralization or overextension. However, as per Margaret Harris, recent research has shed light on an increasing number of reports pertaining to the occurrence of underextension. As per Harris, underextension is of 2 types:

Context Bound – In this case, the child uses the word only in a specific and limited context. For instance, a child using the word “duck” only in reference to hit the toy duck in a bathtub.

Contextually Flexible – In this case, the child’s underextension involves the restriction of the usage of a word to a specific referent rather than to a specific situation. For example, the use of the word “clock” only in reference to wall clocks, or the use of the word “light” only in reference to ceiling lights.

This underextension is contextually flexible because children tend to use these words in a referential manner.

Causes of Under extension

Researchers have speculated that the reason why underextension develops or why prolonged underextension exists is probably due to parents’ inadvertent contribution. That is, whilst talking to their children, parents might not suggest all the instances of a category of objects, especially in cases of unusual word situations, thus causing these errors. Thomas G. White conducted a study on preschool children between the ages 3 to 5. He found that these children would not apply labels (like, food) to instances of categories that were rated as being atypical by the adults. His study also showed that mothers of children tended to use super-ordinate terms much lesser when it came to atypical instances than when compared with typical instances. This study seemed to suggest that the labels which children hear from their parents may impact underextension.

Like with overgeneralization and overextension, underextension seems to decline as children grow and their vocabulary and grasp on the rules of a language grow along with them. That is, as children grow, they tend to learn the general uses of a term and apply them appropriately in a more general manner than in a selective manner

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