Cohesion and Surface Tension of Water

Cohesion is the attractive force between two similar polarized molecules. We know that a water molecule is a polar molecule wherein the two hydrogen atoms are attached to an oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° with an inter-band length of approximately 0.9584 Å. Due to the placement of electrons, the oxygen atom provides a partial negative charge and two hydrogen atoms provide a partial positive charge making it a dipole molecule. When these opposite charges meet, a force of attraction will be created to bring two water molecules together. This is called the cohesive force of water that makes the water molecules to stick together in the medium. The pictorial representation of the cohesive force of a water molecule and its alignment in its medium is depicted below.

The distribution of cohesive forces varies for water molecules that are present in the interior of the dispersed medium and at the surface of the medium. For example, consider a glass containing water. The cohesive force of water molecules in the interior portion is equally distributed since all hydrogen and oxygen molecules are attracted equally on all sides inside the medium. But when we consider the exterior portion where water comes in contact with the external atmosphere, cohesive forces will pull the water molecule internally. The surface area of the exposed water molecule will contract which makes the molecule to be tightly bound on the surface forming a film.

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This phenomenon is called surface tension that is measured as J/m2 or N/m or dynes/cm. Precisely, surface tension is the energy needed to contract the surface area of the liquid in a cohesive environment and increase it in a non-cohesive environment. In terms of a mathematical expression, surface tension (Ï’) is proportional to the cohesive force (F) per unit length (L) of a liquid film wherein the cohesive force (F) will vary for different liquids.

Consider a needle placed horizontally on a bowl of water and another needle dropped vertically on another bowl of water. Assume the weight of both needles is the same. The needle that is placed horizontally has the largest water contacting surface area. So the force of the needle (due to its weight) becomes lesser than the restoring force of the surface tension of water. Hence, the needle tends to float without interventions from external forces. The needle that is dropped vertically has the smallest water contacting surface area. So the force of the needle (due to its weight) becomes greater than the restoring force of the surface tension of water. This will tear the water film and reaches the bottom of the bowl.

 


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Cohesion and Surface Tension of Water

Cohesion is the attractive force between two similar polarized molecules. We know that a water molecule is a polar molecule wherein the two hydrogen atoms are attached to an oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45° with an inter-band length of approximately 0.9584 Å. Due to the placement of electrons, the oxygen atom provides a partial negative charge and two hydrogen atoms provide a partial positive charge making it a dipole molecule. When these opposite charges meet, a force of attraction will be created to bring two water molecules together. This is called the cohesive force of water that makes the water molecules to stick together in the medium. The pictorial representation of the cohesive force of a water molecule and its alignment in its medium is depicted below.

The cohesive interaction between two permanent dipoles is termed as dipole-dipole interactions whereas similar interaction between two temporary dipoles is termed as Van der Waals interaction or Van der Waals London forces. In the case of water molecules, the strong bond formed between hydrogen and oxygen is called hydrogen bonds.

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The distribution of cohesive forces varies for water molecules that are present in the interior of the dispersed medium and at the surface of the medium. For example, consider a glass containing water. The cohesive force of water molecules in the interior portion is equally distributed since all hydrogen and oxygen molecules are attracted equally on all sides inside the medium. But when we consider the exterior portion where water comes in contact with the external atmosphere, cohesive forces will pull the water molecule internally. The surface area of the exposed water molecule will contract which makes the molecule to be tightly bound on the surface forming a film.

image

This phenomenon is called surface tension that is measured as J/m2 or N/m or dynes/cm. Precisely, surface tension is the energy needed to contract the surface area of the liquid in a cohesive environment and increase it in a non-cohesive environment. In terms of a mathematical expression, surface tension (Ï’) is proportional to the cohesive force (F) per unit length (L) of a liquid film wherein the cohesive force (F) will vary for different liquids.

Example of Surface Tension
Consider a needle placed horizontally on a bowl of water and another needle dropped vertically on another bowl of water. Assume the weight of both needles is the same. The needle that is placed horizontally has the largest water contacting surface area. So the force of the needle (due to its weight) becomes lesser than the restoring force of the surface tension of water. Hence, the needle tends to float without interventions from external forces. The needle that is dropped vertically has the smallest water contacting surface area. So the force of the needle (due to its weight) becomes greater than the restoring force of the surface tension of water. This will tear the water film and reaches the bottom of the bowl.

Factors Affecting Surface Tension
In the absence of external forces, water molecules are pulled internally by cohesive forces thereby maintaining the liquid as a single volume.

In the presence of a gas or a hydrophobic surface like a lotus leaf, the water will take a spherical shape since the shape of a sphere will minimize the resistance of surface tension and provide the smallest possible surface energy for a specific volume.

In the presence of gravity, the bond between water molecules will stretch to the maximum before creating a droplet.

Surface tension will reduce with increasing temperature. The surface tension of water at 20°C is approximately 0.0728 N/m or 72.8 dynes/cm. When the water is heated, the cohesive force between water molecules break, and the movement of molecules will be enhanced. So the surface tension of water at 80°C is approximately 0.0627 N/m.


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Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

  • When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
  • We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

  • The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
  • We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
  • Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

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